The nuclear fuel assemblies are removed from the reactor with approximately 95% of their uranium load still available. This is done based on very conservative calculations of irradiation stress of the zirconium rods that house the fuel pellets. The fuel assemblies are removed before they can experience stress cracking and leak fission fragments to the primary coolant. (Even if that were to happen, there are still two more barriers between the primary system and atmosphere.)
When we finally start to recycle and reprocess the spent fuel assemblies (SUNF) using fast-reactor technology, most of the uranium and actinides will be converted to power and very valuable, short-lived fission products. Fast-reactor recycling of SUNF will extend our fuel supplies for several centuries. When adding the stockpiled, depleted uranium as fast-reactor fuel, power production could be extended almost indefinitely.
The next generation of reactors, usually referred to as GEN IV reactors, provides additional safety considerations over the present GEN III reactor designs. Passive shutdown characteristics, much lower operating pressures, and even the use of eutectic primary cooling should make these reactors much less expensive due to less robust containments and fewer redundant safety systems. Applications to Small Modular Reactor (SMR), factory construction and assembly, underground construction, and other considerations should lower costs considerably. Reducing the time to operation will increase the realization of the revenue stream.
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There are several challenges, including enhancing enrichment capabilities, domestic uranium mining, revitalizing the supply chain, and ensuring quality assurance, that would be solved if we would just go to a free enterprise system. Additionally, streamlining regulations, augmenting the workforce, and educating the public about the benefits and safety of nuclear power would be beneficial.
The one thing that is needed is a cogent, consistent, coherent national electricity strategy, a plan that bridges regime changes and has bipartisan support. Our leaders need to recognize the importance of an electricity strategy that supports a robust, stable, and resilient electrical grid and electricity supply to our overall well-being and security. Nuclear-generated electricity, which is fundamental to a secure future and an increasing standard of living for America, is by far the best choice but the biggest detriment (other than the NRC) is government involvement.
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About the Authors
Ronald Stein is co-author of the Pulitzer Prize nominated book Clean Energy Exploitations.
He is a policy advisor on energy literacy for the Heartland Institute,
and the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow, and a national TV
commentator on energy & infrastructure with Rick Amato.
David Amerine is a United States Naval Academy graduate. He served as the President of Nuclear Fuel Services, which is vital to national security as the sole producer of fuel for our nuclear Navy, brought in to lead its recovery from an NRC mandated suspension of operations. Today, David continues to advise top nuclear agencies and organizations, and is a sought-after consultant, coach, and speaker.