Australian research concludes that non-government schools consistently outperform government schools in areas like literacy and numeracy tests, Year 12 examinations, tertiary entry and school completion.
In relation to promoting civic virtue and treating others fairly, there is also evidence that non-government schools have a more beneficial and positive impact on students compared to government schools.
International research identifying the characteristics of stronger performing education systems, based on international tests, also suggests that a more market-driven model of education, represented by the autonomy, choice and diversity associated with non-government schools, is more effective in helping students achieve better results than what otherwise might be expected.
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As noted in a paper by Ludger Woessmann and Eric Hanushek, "students perform significantly better in schools that have autonomy" and "Looking across all countries, private school management tends to be positively associated with student achievement, with a difference to publicly operated schools of 16-20 per of an international standard deviation in the three subjects in PISA 2000".
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